En el tomo II de la Antropología trascendental, L. Polo estudia la esencia humana de acuerdo con el método del abandono del límite mental. La esencia aparece entonces como la manifestación y el disponer de la persona, que hace posible la constitución del don que completa la estructura donal del amar y el aceptar personal. La tarea de constituir el don toma el relevo a la búsqueda de réplica, que no puede alcanzar su tema, al ser éste inaccesible al (...) intelecto personal. (shrink)

Eudaimony and destiny.- Almost all the classical theories on ethics place man's objective as his search for happiness. This ideal is based on nature. Medieval thinkers, considering man as a person, came to the conclusion that he is called t o a transcendental destiny; however, because they continued to use the classical ideal of happiness as a conceptual model, they created quite a few difficulties: self-transcendence and self-fulfillment are opposing models. L. Polo, on the other hand, proposes a non-naturalist (...) anthropology that considers each person as destined to transcendence. (shrink)

Este artículo es una exposición y explicación de la descripción del trascendental “amar” como extensión de la intimidad, la libertad y el intelecto personal de la persona humana, es decir, de la persona que carece de réplica y debe “buscar” y amar donalmente a Dios. Como la estructura donal es trina, se exponen y explican también las indicaciones de Polo sobre la esencia del hombre y, más en concreto, sobre la voluntad, el querer libre y el “retorno” de la (...) esencia a la persona para completar dicha estructura. (shrink)

The interpretation of Descartes' thinking wich is made by professor Polo in Evidencia y realidad en Descartes (and, in general, in all his work) is analysed in this article . The key to understanding Descartes is "the voluntary attitude", which lies in placing the attention before the arrival of facts and contents of consciousness. So they can be examined and controlled in order to decide if they are re-liable or not. The result is an exaggerated dedication which limits the (...) capacity of intelligence to act according to its nature. (shrink)

Almost all the classical theories on ethics place man's objective as his search for happiness. This ideal is based on nature. Medieval thinkers, considering man as a person, came to the conclusion that he is called to a transcendental destiny; however, because they continued to use the classical ideal of happiness as a concenptual model, they created quite a few difficulties: self-transcendence and self-fulfillment are opposing models. L. Polo, on the other hand, proposes a non-naturalist anthropology that considers each (...) person as destined to transcendence. (shrink)

En este escrito se discutirá si tienen significado las oraciones que contienen nombres vacíos y si hay proposiciones verdaderas que contienen nombres vacíos. La respuesta a ambas preguntas parece ser positiva, cuyos casos paradigmáticos son enunciados como “Hamlet es un ser humano” y “Santa Claus vive en el Polo Norte”. Se asume, además, que estos enunciados expresan proposiciones distintas, pues su contenido semántico es distinto. Se argumenta que los nombres vacíos realizan una _contribución semántica degenerada _o no referencial a (...) las proposiciones en las que aparecen. Si ello es correcto, el problema de los nombres vacíos tiene una solución desde la teoría de la referencia directa. Se defiende además que un nombre vacío es un término singular rígidamente no referencial. (shrink)

The interpretation of Descartes’ thinking wich is made by professor Polo in Evidencia y realidad en Descartes (and, in general, in all his work) is analysed in this article. The key to understanding Descartes is “the voluntary attitude”, which lies in placing the attention before the arrival of facts and contents of consciousness. So they can be examined and controlled in order to decide if they are reliable or not. The result is an exaggerated dedication which limits the capacity (...) of intelligence to act according to its nature. (shrink)

El conocido pensador refuta la antropología moderna y brinda argumentos aún más profundos.

En este trabajo se desarrolla un examen de lo que Polo llama “devolución del abstracto a la realidad” y lo que Kant denomina “esquematismo”. El objetivo de este análisis es mostrar la razón de ser de las inconmensurables divergencias entre los planteamientos epistemológicos del filósofo madrileño y del filósofo alemán. A raíz de esta diferencia fundamental entre ambos autores aludiré a las diferencias presentes en el modo en que ambos abordan la cuestión de la relación entre lenguaje y realidad.

En el presente artículo se analiza la noción de nostalgia de futuro para comprender su significado en el contexto de la filosofía transhumanista y en el de la filosofía de Leonardo Polo. Se ha elegido como representantes del transhumanismo a los que históricamente son sus padres intelectuales: Julian Huxley y Fereidoun M. Esfandiary, quien más tarde cambió su nombre a FM-2030. El objetivo del artículo es analizar las dos filosofías para profundizar en el deseo de trascendencia que cada una (...) desarrolla y ver hasta qué punto es posible un diálogo entre ambas. (shrink)

Con este trabajo se pretende mostrar el pensamiento de FriedrichWilhelm Nietzsche. Para ello considero vital ponerlo en relación con elhegelianismo y, muy interesante, dividir su pensamiento de la mismamanera que Don Leonardo Polo lleva a cabo en su obra “Nietzsche comopensador de dualidades”, esto es, por un lado, desarrollando la Parsdestruens, en este caso centrándonos en la obra de Nietzsche “Sobreverdad y mentira en sentido extramoral” y, por otro lado, indagando en el concepto del símbolo, intentando sacar a la (...) luz la importancia capital de dicho concepto en la filosofía del célebre pensador alemán. (shrink)

The book is an english translation with revisions and updates of the "Philosophische Grundbegriffe 1" and provides an introduction to six key concepts in philosophy - philosophy, language, knowledge, truth, being and good. At the same time, it aims to initiate its readers into the process of philosophical thinking. The book is addressed to students and laypeople, but also contains new ideas for specialists. It is written in a clear, accessible and engaging style, and its author 'shares, and manages to (...) convey, something of Plato's own commitment to philosophy'. (shrink)

La memoria, la identidad, el reconocimiento, son construcciones que permiten sujetar al individuo a su pasado. Toda vez que éste es despojado de su identidad más primaria la búsqueda del ser queda reducida a la recolección de huellas para crear con ellas un relato que permita fijar al individuo en las palabras, las suyas y las del otro. Este es el objetivo del artículo, explorar estas construcciones a través de la novela Austerlitz del escritor alemán W. G Sebald, con la (...) ayuda de las propuestas hermenéuticas ricoerianas. (shrink)

La poesía es un espacio en el que la palabra se materializa en instante. En ella se encuentran mundos inesperados, olvidadosque se vuelven a hacer presentes para recordar así que en la palabra de un poeta están contenidos todos los hombres, todoslos sueños, todos los tiempos. La palabra es proyección de la existencia, es una necesidad de no caer en el olvido, por lomenos en uno que no sea profundo, inolvidable, irrecuperable.

Este artículo analiza desde una perspectiva fenomenológica-hermenéutica los aportes del pensamiento franciscano en los procesos de autoevaluación institucional de la Universidad de San Buenaventura, Bogotá. En primera instancia, se abordará el pensamiento franciscano como elemento que transversa las funciones sustantivas y todas aquellas actividades que propenden por el aseguramiento de la calidad y el mejoramiento continuo de la educación superior. En segundo lugar, se describen los significados y opiniones sobre el sistema de autoevaluación institucional en los diferentes agentes de la (...) comunidad académica Bonaventuriana en la sede Bogotá. Finalmente, se reconocerá cómo la filosofía institucional se materializa en los procesos de autoevaluación en el marco de los procesos de acreditación con el propósito de aportar elementos significativos para los planes de mejoramiento. (shrink)

Publishing scientific articles is a crucial activity performed by a scientist to demonstrate inclusion as part of the community of scientists: a community constituted by journal editors, reviewers, authors and readers. A manuscript submitted to journals is first read by reviewers, and their decision to accept it creates membership in the community for the author with its attendant privileges of ingroup status. Rejection bars such membership. In this article we examine the language used by this powerful individual — the journal (...) reviewer — to recognize another individual — the author — as being a member or not. Five reviewer reports of two different manuscripts submitted by non-native English-speaking authors are analyzed in this case study. Complementary discourse analytical approaches are used: group ideology, syntactic structure and personal pronouns. The analysis of the linguistic strategies used reveals three distinct positions that the reviewers adopt within this under-researched genre. (shrink)

In this article we defend the inferential view of scientific models and idealisation. Models are seen as “inferential prostheses” (instruments for surrogative reasoning) construed by means of an idealisation-concretisation process, which we essentially understand as a kind of counterfactual deformation procedure (also analysed in inferential terms). The value of scientific representation is understood in terms not only of the success of the inferential outcomes arrived at with its help, but also of the heuristic power of representation and their capacity to (...) correct and improve our models. This provides us with an argument against Sugden’s account of credible models: the likelihood or realisticness (their “credibility”) is not always a good measure of their acceptability. As opposed to “credibility” we propose the notion of “enlightening”, which is the capacity of giving us understanding in the sense of an inferential ability. (shrink)

La técnica de danza colectiva Contact Improvisation surgió hace casi medio siglo en Nueva York como una alteración de los códigos de contacto y de las jerarquías coreográficas; desde las primeras décadas de su desarrollo -ideológico, pedagógico o estético-, se viene produciendo una compleja discusión en torno al género. En este trabajo se analizan las distintas perspectivas del debate que se articulan en lo que se puede considerar la revista fundacional, Contact Quarterly: el cuestionamiento de la masculinidad, las ideas de (...) neutralización y de minimización de lo sexual y varios enfoques feministas entre los que se puede incluir la teoría queer. Más que en la definición de cada una de las posiciones, nos detenemos en la observación crítica de las paradojas, tensiones y puntos de encuentro que se van reflejando en la práctica y van tejiendo una fecunda red discursiva. (shrink)

La antropología greiga, cristiana y moderna -- La escencia humana -- El yo -- Sobre la esencia humana.

This paper presents an experience in developing professional ethics by an approach that integrates knowledge, teaching methodologies and assessment coherently. It has been implemented for students in both the Software Engineering and Computer Engineering degree programs of the Technical University of Madrid, in which professional ethics is studied as a part of a required course. Our contribution of this paper is a model for formative assessment that clarifies the learning goals, enhances the results, simplifies the scoring and can be replicated (...) in other contexts. A quasi-experimental study that involves many of the students of the required course has been developed. To test the effectiveness of the teaching process, the analysis of ethical dilemmas and the use of deontological codes have been integrated, and a scoring rubric has been designed. Currently, this model is also being used to develop skills related to social responsibility and sustainability for undergraduate and postgraduate students of diverse academic context. (shrink)

The connection between scientific knowledge and our empirical access to realityis not well explained within the structuralist approach to scientific theories. I arguethat this is due to the use of a semantics not rich enough from the philosophical pointof view. My proposal is to employ Sellars–Brandom's inferential semantics to understand how can scientific terms have empirical content, and Hintikka's game-theoretical semantics to analyse how can theories be empirically tested. The main conclusions are that scientific concepts gain their meaning through `basic (...) theories' grounded on `common sense’, and that scientific method usually allows the pragmatic verification and falsification of scientific theories. (shrink)

Los Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte de 1844 de Marx establecen las bases del proyecto marxista de superación del capitalismo. Para ello, desarrolla una crítica al trabajo asalariado desde el concepto de alienación procedente de la dialéctica hegeliana y de la crítica de Feuerbach a la religión. Este análisis le sirve para establecer otros conceptos como los de una alteridad materialista o la reducción a la animalidad, desde los cuales sería posible construir otro marxismo alternativo al de Das Kapital.

El proyecto de emancipación que Paul Lafargue presenta en Le droit à la paresse constituye no solo uno de los primeros documentos de análisis de la sociedad capitalista y sus posibilidades revolucionarias, sino que supone, a la vez, el punto de arranque de una tradición de emancipación diferente a la del socialismo clásico. Sin embargo, en el propio desarrollo del análisis ya se vislumbran de forma teórica los problemas prácticos que dicha tradición ha acabado por desarrollar.

Two systems of belief change based on paraconsistent logics are introduced in this article by means of AGM-like postulates. The first one, AGMp, is defined over any paraconsistent logic which extends classical logic such that the law of excluded middle holds w.r.t. the paraconsistent negation. The second one, AGMo , is specifically designed for paraconsistent logics known as Logics of Formal Inconsistency (LFIs), which have a formal consistency operator that allows to recover all the classical inferences. Besides the three usual (...) operations over belief sets, namely expansion, contraction and revision (which is obtained from contraction by the Levi identity), the underlying paraconsistent logic allows us to define additional operations involving (non-explosive) contradictions. Thus, it is defined external revision (which is obtained from contraction by the reverse Levi identity), consolidation and semi-revision, all of them over belief sets. It is worth noting that the latter operations, introduced by S. Hansson, involve the temporary acceptance of contradictory beliefs, and so they were originally defined only for belief bases. Unlike to previous proposals in the literature, only defined for specific paraconsistent logics, the present approach can be applied to a general class of paraconsistent logics which are supraclassical, thus preserving the spirit of AGM. Moreover, representation theorems w.r.t. constructions based on selection functions are obtained for all the operations. (shrink)

After compulsory secondary education; many teenagers face the process of choosing a university degree. This process involves uncertainties referred to their personal abilities, interests, social expectations and professional future. The present work is aimed at determining whether the reasons behind the selection of a particular university degree differ depending on the chosen degree. Another objective is determining whether these reasons differ significantly according to gender. The sample comprises 983 students belonging to the area of social and legal sciences at the (...) University of Seville. The obtained results reveal the existence of four main reasons behind the selection of university degrees for which significant gender-related differences were observed: easy degree, job opportunities, high wages and provision of social services. Besides, these seven reasons are observed to differ widely in six of the considered degrees. (shrink)

This article offers a new reading of Heidegger's thesis of the animal in The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics. Framing Heidegger's text through a brief analysis of Protagoras' genetic story of nature and of man's nature in Plato's eponymous dialogue, our reading brings out three key elements common to both texts: living nature as a normative rather than a physical order, the poverty of man's world in relation to the animal, and the attempted redemption of the latter through the acquisition of (...) Weltbildung. Staying with the way Heidegger brings out man's poverty in world in the text allows us (i) to undo once for all the oft-repeated charge of Heidegger's anthropocentric interpretation of the animal, (ii) to stage the hypothesis that philosophy and the life sciences of his day draw upon a common basic experience of the autonomy of life in relation to everything human, all-too-human, and (iii) to demonstrate the normativity and poverty of life. (shrink)